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narození není známo, jako pravděpodobná místa se uvádějí Uherský Brod[1] (jak je uvedeno v Naardenu na náhrobní desce) nebo Nivnice (Komenský v některých dokumentech připojoval k podpisu Nivnický, Nivanus, Nivnicensis[2]). Občas se zmiňuje i Komňa (z čehož by mohlo vzniknout příjmení Komenský, Comenius), odkud pocházela otcova rodina.[3] Jan žil s rodiči v Uherském Brodě (pocházel z měšťanské rodiny). Jeho otec Martin, byl významným členem Jednoty bratrské. Po smrti rodičů a dvou ze čtyř sester (1604) se o něj starala jeho teta ve Strážnici, kde začal studovat.
Roku 1608 začal studovat na latinské škole (gymnáziu) v Přerově, odkud v roce 1611 odešel na vysokou školu do Herbornu. Již při studiu začal pomáhat profesoru teologie a nejmladšímu členu profesorského sboru Johannu Heinrichu (Janu Jindřichu) Alstedovi s pracemi na obecné encyklopedii. Alsted se pro Komenského stal vzorem. Sám pak začal psát dvě velká díla: Poklad jazyka českého, což měl být velký slovník, a dále encyklopedii Divadlo veškerenstva věcí. Tato díla nedokončil. Roku 1613 Jan navštěvuje Amsterdam, v té době vysoce rozvinuté město Evropy. Odtud se vypravuje na universitu do Heidelbergu v Německu, kde ovšem stráví pouze jeden semestr. Poté se roku 1614 vrací přes Prahu do Přerova, jako rektor latinské školy. V roce 1616 byl vysvěcen na kazatele a následně odešel do Fulneku, kde působil jako rektor tamější školy a jako kazatel Jednoty bratrské. Ve Fulneku poznal i svou první ženu Magdalénu Vizovskou. V této době píše spis Listové do nebe.
Po porážce stavovského povstání (1621) byl nucen opustit Fulnek a skrývat se na různých místech v Čechách a na Moravě, protože odmítal konvertovat ke katolictví. Po roce ukrývání (roku 1622) mu na mor zemřela žena a jeho dvě děti, které zůstali ve Fulneku. Pod vlivem událostí píše filosofické spisy Truchlivý, Hlubina bezpečnosti a později Labyrint světa a ráj srdce. V roce 1624 začal Jan působit v Brandýse nad Orlicí, kde se seznámil se svoji druhou ženou Marií Dorotou.
V roce 1628 odešel do exilu do polského Lešna, které se stalo centrem bratrské víry. Zpočátku doufá, že se brzy vrátí zpět do vlasti, proto píše česky. Začal psát učebnice a připravoval plán na zlepšení organizace školství, např. v díle Navržení krátké o obnově škol v Království českém. V Lešně byl zvolen biskupem a písařem, brzy se stal i zástupcem rektora gymnázia, což vedlo k jeho zájmu o pedagogiku. V tomto období vznikla velká část jeho děl, především pak z oblasti pedagogiky jako např. Česká didaktika. Ta měla být původně součástí velkého díla, které chtěl nazvat Ráj český. Obsahem měla být teoretická, didaktická a praktická část, která by sloužila rodičům a učitelům. Napsal Velkou didaktiku, kterou později přepracoval do latinské podoby Didactica magna a začíná pracovat na Vševědě (Pansofii). Komenskému postupně jeho díla jako Brána jazyků otevřená a Informatorium školy mateřské, zajistila věhlas po celé nekatolické Evropě. Byl zván na univerzity několika zemí, nabídky však odmítal. První významnou nabídku Jan přijal až roku 1641, kdy se rozhodl vyhovět pozvání anglického parlamentu na přednáškové turné, během něhož vystoupil i před Královskou akademií věd. V této době vyjádřil své myšlenky ve spise Via lucis. Kvůli zvyšujícímu se tlaku občanské války Komenský Anglii opustil, avšak zanedlouho dostal pozvání z řady dalších zemí. V tuto dobu si Jan uvědomil, že právě prostřednictvím těchto nabídek, může rozšířit svůj vliv a své myšlenky.
Roku 1642 odešel přes Amsterdam do Švédska, kam byl pozván, aby vedl reformu tamního školství a napsal pro ní učebnice. Vznikl zde spis Nejnovější metoda jazyků. Kvůli rozporům s donátory i spolupracovníky, nakonec učebnice požadované švédským kancléřem Komenský neuvytvořil a to ani na nátlak ochránce Louise de Geera. Zato zde vzniká část Obecné porady o nápravě věcí lidských. Roku 1648 se společně s těžce nemocnou manželkou vrátil zpět do Lešna, kde působí jako biskup. V Lešně jeho druhá žena zemřela a již o rok později se oženil potřetí, tentokrát s o více než třicet let mladší Janou Gajusovou. Když byl v roce 1648 uzavřen vestfálský mír a tím skončila třicetiletá válka, skončily též naděje českých exulantů na návrat do vlasti. Komenský se loučí s vlastí a církví spisem Kšaft umírající matky jednoty bratrské.
Roku 1651 přijal pozvání uherského knížete Zikmunda Rákocziho do Sárospataku, kde měl u jeho dvora organizovat reformu školství a pansofickou sedmiletou školu. Poprvé měl tedy možnost ověřit si své názory v praxi. Otevřeny byly ovšem jen 3 třídy, jenž byly nazvány Vestibulum, Janua a Atrium. Pro své žáky vytvořil příručku Pravidla mravů a také zde vznikla učebnice Svět v obrazech a Škola hrou. Z ní Komenský s úspěchem předváděl, nakolik jsou děti schopné podat dramatický divadelní kus, ve školním prostředí. Roku 1651 Jan také oddal falckou princeznu Jindřišku Marii s knížetem Zigmondem, jejich manželství však nemělo dlouhého trvání.
V letech 1654-1656 opět pobýval v Lešně, kde pracoval na Pansofii, vydává Slovník české řeči a Slovník pansofických definic. Roku 1654 Švédsko napadlo Polsko, avšak válka se nějakou dobu Lešnu vyhýbá. 27. dubna 1656 ale začalo deset tisíc partyzánů město obléhat a při následném požáru přišel téměř o všechen majetek i cenné rukopisy jako Česko-latinský slovník, na kterém pracoval prakticky celý život a který považoval za stěžejní dílo. Přišel také o většinu Pansofie a Metafyziky a další díla. Tuto ztrátu nesl velice těžce a nikdy se z ní zcela nevzpamatoval. Na pozvání svého přítele Louise De Geera se v roce 1656 uchýlil do Amsterdamu.
Konec svého života (14 let) strávil v holandském Amsterdamu v bytě na jedné z nejlepších ulic, kde se konečně mohl v klidu a pohodlí věnovat pracem všenápravným. Proto také odmítl profesuru na Amsterdamské akademii. Společníkem mu zde byl například Rembrandt van Rijn a se zhoršujícím se zdravím také čím dál častěji lékař Nicolaes (Mikuláš) Tulp (můžeme ho najít na Rembrandtově Anatomii Dr. Tulpa). Jan se v této době aktivně účastnil mírových jednání anglicko-nizozemské války. V Amsterdamu byla vydána polovina z celého Komenského díla, například soubor 43 spisů pod názvem Opera didactica omnia (Veškeré spisy didaktické), které se setkály s velkým ohlasem, dále jednotlivé části Všenápravy: Všeobecné probuzení, Všeobecné osvícení, Pansofie, Vševýchova a Všemluva a menší díla jako Jedno potřebné, které bývá považováno za závěť lidstvu. Navzdory usilovné práci a pomoci syna Daniela, zůstala mnohá díla více či méně nedokončen.
Zemřel po dlouhodobých zdravotních problémech, ve společnosti své ženy Jany, syna Daniela, přítele a lékaře Mikuláše Tulpa, 15. listopadu 1670. Byl pohřben v kostelíku v Naardenu.
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